The invention of atmosphere

The word “atmosphere” was a neologism Willebrord Snellius created for his Latin translation of Simon Stevin's cosmographical writings. Astronomers and mathematical practitioners, such as Snellius and Christoph Scheiner, applying the techniques of Ibn Mu‘ādh and Witelo, were the first to use the term in their calculations of the height of vapors that cause twilight. Their understandings of the atmosphere diverged from Aristotelian divisions of the aerial region. From the early years of the seventeenth century, the term was often associated with atomism or corpuscular matter theory. The concept of the atmosphere changed dramatically with the advent of pneumatic experiments in the middle of the seventeenth century. Pierre Gassendi, Walter Charleton, and Robert Boyle transformed the atmosphere of the mathematicians giving it the characteristics of weight, specific gravity, and fluidity, while disputes about its extent and border remained unresolved.     

浅析布迪厄“语言交换的经济”理论

"语言交换的经济"理论是布迪厄社会语言学的核心思想。语言是一种可供交换的经济资本;语言交换有一定的市场与调节规则;语言交换是言说者运用策略与技巧的言语行为;语言关系总是符号权力的关系。     

现代奥林匹克主义的社会价值研究

古奥运会之所以能够实现伟大复兴,是因为顾拜旦将古代奥林匹克精神与欧洲文艺复兴和欧洲工业文明的成果进行了完美的结合,使之更符合人类社会文明发展的需要.实践证明,顾拜旦所推崇的古奥林匹克主义精神对促进人的全面发展,促进爱国主义和国际主义的统一,最终完成世界和平有着积极的作用.这对现代人类社会的发展和文明进步具有重要的现实意义.     

从“habitus”的译法说起

habitus是皮埃尔·布迪厄社会学理论的核心概念之一。在运用布迪厄理论对翻译社会维度探讨的过程中，研究人员对该词的理解和翻译出现了不一致的现象。针对这种情况，文章考察了该词在西方文化中的起源和演变过程，同时参考了维基百科和专业人士的解释，比较了该词不同的译法；在此基础上，强调了术语使用的规范性和一致性，尤其是在翻译学的理论建构过程中。     

试述布迪厄关系主义视角下的场域惯习理论

布迪厄从关系主义的角度出发,试图在打破长期的二元对立中走向一种综合,继而能够完整地、科学地揭示社会的结构及转化的机制。场域、惯习既是他的理论体系中的核心概念,也是他从关系论的角度出发,试图通过二者的建构、生成关系来揭示社会生活的实质和实践的逻辑。     

阻碍法国科学发展的学界陋习例证

法国曾是世界科学的中心,物理学也曾是法国的传统强势学科。但是19世纪后半叶尤其20世纪前50年左右,法国的物理学与英国、德国的该学科发展相比,明显滞后了。贝尔纳在其著作中,表达了他对法国科学发生这一变化的原因的看法。贝尔纳的观点扼要却没有通过具体事例予以说明。通过著名的法国科学家迪昂与居里等人的遭遇,可以看出贝尔纳的说法是准确的,即科学界的老人统治以及政府的不重视是法国科学发展滞后的关键症结。法国科学界老人统治的后果值得中国科学界引以为戒。     

微乳液毛细管电动色谱法对匙鄂木中蒽醌类化合物的分离测定

建立了一种快速、有效分离测定茜草科植物匙鄂木中3种蒽醌类化合物的微乳液毛细管电动色谱新方法．研究了硼砂浓度、微乳液浓度、乙腈浓度以及电压对分离行为的影响．实验结果表明：最佳缓冲体系组成为10mmol／L硼砂-12％微乳储备液-5％乙腈,最佳运行电压为25kV,检测波长为264nm．分析物浓度与峰面积之间的线性关系良好,相关系数在0．9992～0．9995之间．该方法用于对匙鄂木中蒽醌类化合物的含量测定,回收率为97．3％～106．2％．     

On the historical origins of the contemporary notion of incommensurability: Paul Feyerabend’s assault on conceptual conservativism

This paper investigates the historical origins of the notion of incommensurability in contemporary philosophy of science. The aim is not to establish claims of priority, but to enhance our understanding of the notion by illuminating the various issues that contributed to its development. Kuhn developed his notion of incommensurability primarily under the influence of Fleck, Polanyi, and Köhler. Feyerabend, who had developed his notion more than a decade earlier, drew directly from Duhem, who had developed a notion of incommensurability in 1906. The idea is that in the course of scientific advance, when fundamental theories change, meanings change, which can result in a new conception of the nature of reality. Feyerabend repeatedly used this notion of incommensurability to attack various forms of conceptual conservativism. These include the logical positivists’ foundational use of protocol statements, Heisenberg’s methodological principle that established results must be presupposed by all further research, attempts to separate philosophical accounts of ontology from physics, Bohr’s principle of complementarity, and logical empiricist accounts of reduction and explanation. Focusing on the function of the notion of incommensurability common to Feyerabend’s various critiques explicates Feyerabend’s early philosophy as a series of challenges to forms of conceptual conservativism.     

酶解法提取海南龙血树叶总皂苷的工艺研究

研究了酶解法提取海南龙血树叶总皂苷的工艺.采用酶解-乙醇浸提,以龙血树叶总皂苷的提取率作为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定提取海南龙血树叶总皂苷的最佳工艺.结果表明：最佳工艺条件是,酶质量浓度0.20 mg/mL,酶解温度50℃,pH=5.0,酶解时间为1.5 h,料液比1∶12.在此条件下,海南龙血树叶总皂苷提取率为4.13%.     

Measuring constants of nature: confirmation and determination in piezoelectricity

Exact measurements are a central practice of modern physics. In certain cases, they are essential for determining values of coefficients, for confirming theories, and for detecting the existence of effects. The history of piezoelectricity at the end of the nineteenth century reveals two different methods of exact measurement: a mathematical versus an “artisanal” approach. In the former, a scientist first carried out the experiment and later employed mathematical methods to reduce error. In the latter, a scientist physically manipulated the experimental apparatus to bypass possible sources of error before its performance. These two approaches were related to German theoreticians and to French experimentalists, respectively. However, affiliation with a particular school rather than nationality was the decisive factor in the differences between the two approaches. Despite differences, adherents of both approaches sought to attain high precision and to eliminate even small experimental errors.This history exhibits the complexity and flexibility of experiments and their analysis. It supports the claim of the “New Experimentalism” that theory does not supply complete directions for practical experimental decisions. An example for this is found in the way an experimental error was discovered (after incorrect results had already been published) only by a comparison to an earlier experiment rather than to a theory.